# Delays, units and packet pipeline

Subject: Computer Networks

Exam: TEE

Reader: https://deep-learning-study-room.vercel.app/cn/#tee/practice/formulas/units

Canonical: https://deep-learning-study-room.vercel.app/read/cn/tee/practice/formulas--units/

TEE · symbols explained; worked examples linked below

Supporting formula collection. Use the compact TEE formula sheet first; the full calculation set below is not an observed-paper requirement.



$$
T_f=L/R
$$



L=bits, R=bits/s, Tf=seconds. Use for serialization.



$$
T_p=d/v
$$



d=distance, v=propagation speed. Use consistent distance units.



$$
T=(h+k-1)L/R+h\tau
$$



h equal-rate store-and-forward links, k equal packets, L total bits/packet; τ per-link propagation. No queueing or processing.

## Learn it with complete solutions

[Three worked delay examples](https://deep-learning-study-room.vercel.app/read/cn/tee/read/basics--delay-1/)