# M2 mock B · distinctions and applications Subject: Disaster Management Exam: M2 Reader: https://deep-learning-study-room.vercel.app/dm/#m2/mocks/m2-mocks/paper-b Canonical: https://deep-learning-study-room.vercel.app/read/dm/m2/mocks/m2-mocks--paper-b/ Confirmed 2 + 2 + any two of 3, 3, 3 = 10 marks **Pattern:** Q1(a) and Q1(b) are compulsory. Attempt any two of Q2, Q3 and Q4. Printed marks = 13; attempted marks = 10. These are newly written practice questions. Answers are directly below each question. ### Q1(a). Differentiate magnitude from intensity of an earthquake. [2 practice marks] #### Answer **Magnitude** describes earthquake source size using a numerical scale. **Intensity** describes observed shaking/effects at a particular place. One earthquake has a reported magnitude for a specified scale, while intensity varies with distance, ground conditions and building vulnerability. #### Illustrative application · Same magnitude, different local effects One earthquake has a source magnitude, but a nearby settlement with vulnerable buildings may experience stronger damaging effects than a distant settlement on firm ground. A one-unit magnitude difference means a tenfold amplitude ratio in the stated logarithmic comparison; it does not mean ten times the damage. ### Q1(b). State two reasons why warning communication may fail. [2 practice marks] #### Answer 1. **Failure to reach or be understood.** Power/network loss, inaccessible language or unclear signals can exclude people. 2. **Failure to act.** People may lack trust, transport, accessible shelters or enough time even after receiving the message. #### Illustrative application · A warning must reach people who can act A technically accurate warning still fails if a resident cannot understand its language or has no accessible transport. Add a clear message, known safe destination, assistance arrangements and backup channels; each repairs a different link between detection and protection. ### Q2. Explain the four stages of cyclone warning used by IMD. [3 practice marks] #### Answer **Definition.** Cyclone warnings provide advance information on likely coastal effects, allowing authorities and communities to prepare, evacuate and protect essential services. | Stage | Usual lead time in the lecture | What it supports | | --- | --- | --- | | Pre-cyclone watch | About 72 hours before adverse weather | Initial readiness and review of plans. | | Cyclone alert | About 48 hours before adverse weather | Mobilise resources, shelters and evacuation arrangements. | | Cyclone warning | About 24 hours before adverse weather | Implement protective action based on the latest official advice. | | Post-landfall outlook | About 12 hours before landfall | Prepare inland areas for expected track and adverse weather after landfall. | The name **post-landfall outlook** describes the period forecast, not the time at which it is issued. Its 12-hour lead is before landfall. Forecasts can be updated as the storm develops. Cyclones can be forecast days ahead, with uncertainty; the claim that advance forecasts are impossible is incorrect. ## Before impact Follow official warnings; move from unsafe coastal areas to designated shelters when instructed. Arrange transport for people needing assistance, carry essential medicines and documents, secure loose objects, and prepare backup lighting and communication. Fishermen should follow official sea warnings. ## During and after Remain in a safe shelter away from glass, avoid travel and floodwater, and follow official instructions. A temporary calm may be the eye; it does not mean the storm is over. Wait for official clearance before returning; avoid damaged structures, lines and contaminated water. #### Real case · Phailin, 2013 India reported pre-emptive evacuation of more than one million people before Cyclone Phailin. This is a real example of warning linked to action. For a formation question, keep the physical process separate; for management, explain how evacuation reduces exposed people’s immediate risk. [Case reference ↗](https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?lang=2®=48&relid=105888) ### Q3. Explain three ways in which urbanisation can increase flood risk. [3 practice marks] #### Answer 1. **Impervious surfaces.** Roofs and paving reduce infiltration and produce faster runoff. 2. **Lost storage and blocked flow.** Wetland loss, encroachment and blocked drains reduce space and conveyance for water. 3. **Increased exposure.** More people, utilities and buildings occupy locations that can flood. #### Real case and learning connection · Mumbai floods, 2005 The Mumbai flood case links intense rainfall with urban drainage and development conditions. For an answer on mitigation, explain how maintaining drainage and protecting water-storage spaces address specific pathways of flooding; do not claim that any single measure prevents every extreme event. [Case reference ↗](https://nidm.gov.in/PDF/Newsletter/6_nov_2005.pdf) ### Q4. Explain prevention, mitigation and preparedness with one example each. [3 practice marks] #### Answer | Term | Meaning | Example | | --- | --- | --- | | Prevention | Avoid a risk where possible. | Do not site a new school in a floodway. | | Mitigation | Reduce possible losses. | Strengthen an existing building. | | Preparedness | Build readiness to act. | Practise evacuation and ready shelters. | #### Illustrative application · Two communities exposed to the same hazard Two settlements may face similar heavy rain but experience different losses because of drainage, housing, warnings and ability to evacuate. The example separates the hazardous event from exposure, vulnerability and capacity, which together influence disaster risk.