# M2 mock C · ethics, hazards and management

Subject: Disaster Management

Exam: M2

Reader: https://deep-learning-study-room.vercel.app/dm/#m2/mocks/m2-mocks/paper-c

Canonical: https://deep-learning-study-room.vercel.app/read/dm/m2/mocks/m2-mocks--paper-c/

Confirmed 2 + 2 + any two of 3, 3, 3 = 10 marks

**Pattern:** Q1(a) and Q1(b) are compulsory. Attempt any two of Q2, Q3 and Q4. Printed marks = 13; attempted marks = 10. These are newly written practice questions. Answers are directly below each question.

### Q1(a). Explain two ethical principles with examples. [2 practice marks]

#### Answer

1. **Humanity.** Protect life, health and human dignity. Provide water, shelter and urgent care while preventing humiliation or exploitation.
2. **Impartiality.** Allocate assistance according to assessed need and urgency. A severely affected settlement may receive more resources than a less affected one.

#### Illustrative application · Inclusive assistance at a shelter

A shelter team allocates help by need, provides accessible facilities and respects privacy. It does not distribute aid according to social status or publicity value. This turns humanity, impartiality and dignity into observable decisions.

### Q1(b). Name two cyclone hazards and explain how they cause damage. [2 practice marks]

#### Answer

1. **Strong wind.** Damages roofs, trees and utilities and produces flying debris.
2. **Storm surge.** Raises coastal water levels and can inundate low-lying settlements.

#### Real case · Phailin, 2013

India reported pre-emptive evacuation of more than one million people before Cyclone Phailin. This is a real example of warning linked to action. For a formation question, keep the physical process separate; for management, explain how evacuation reduces exposed people’s immediate risk.

[Case reference ↗](https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?lang=2&reg=48&relid=105888)

### Q2. Explain three reasons why urbanisation can increase flood risk. [3 practice marks]

#### Answer

1. Impervious roofs and roads increase runoff; permeable surfaces and rain gardens can reduce and delay it.
2. Blocked or inadequate drains cannot carry peak flows; cleaning, capacity upgrades and connected outlets improve drainage.
3. Encroachment on wetlands and floodplains removes storage and exposes settlements; protection of these areas and risk-based land-use control reduce losses.

#### Real case and learning connection · Mumbai floods, 2005

The Mumbai flood case links intense rainfall with urban drainage and development conditions. For an answer on mitigation, explain how maintaining drainage and protecting water-storage spaces address specific pathways of flooding; do not claim that any single measure prevents every extreme event.

[Case reference ↗](https://nidm.gov.in/PDF/Newsletter/6_nov_2005.pdf)

### Q3. Distinguish earthquake magnitude from intensity with a suitable example. [3 practice marks]

#### Answer

**Magnitude** expresses the size of an earthquake from instrument-based measurements, for example moment magnitude. **Intensity** expresses its observed effects at a particular site, for example Modified Mercalli I–XII. A given event has an estimated magnitude on a specified scale, but intensities vary among sites because distance, soil and construction differ.

#### Illustrative application · Same magnitude, different local effects

One earthquake has a source magnitude, but a nearby settlement with vulnerable buildings may experience stronger damaging effects than a distant settlement on firm ground. A one-unit magnitude difference means a tenfold amplitude ratio in the stated logarithmic comparison; it does not mean ten times the damage.

### Q4. A coastal council receives a cyclone warning. Explain three actions that turn the warning into protection. [3 practice marks]

#### Answer

1. **Communicate clearly.** Send official, location-specific action messages through accessible channels.
2. **Arrange movement.** Provide transport and assistance along safe routes before conditions deteriorate.
3. **Prepare shelters.** Open accessible shelters, provide essentials and maintain accountability.

#### Real case · Phailin, 2013

India reported pre-emptive evacuation of more than one million people before Cyclone Phailin. This is a real example of warning linked to action. For a formation question, keep the physical process separate; for management, explain how evacuation reduces exposed people’s immediate risk.

[Case reference ↗](https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?lang=2&reg=48&relid=105888)