Disaster Management · M2 · mocks
M2 mock B · distinctions and applications
M2 practice papers
Confirmed 2 + 2 + any two of 3, 3, 3 = 10 marks
Pattern: Q1(a) and Q1(b) are compulsory. Attempt any two of Q2, Q3 and Q4. Printed marks = 13; attempted marks = 10. These are newly written practice questions. Answers are directly below each question.
Q1(a). Differentiate magnitude from intensity of an earthquake. [2 practice marks]
Answer
Magnitude describes earthquake source size using a numerical scale. Intensity describes observed shaking/effects at a particular place. One earthquake has a reported magnitude for a specified scale, while intensity varies with distance, ground conditions and building vulnerability.
Q1(b). State two reasons why warning communication may fail. [2 practice marks]
Answer
- Failure to reach or be understood. Power/network loss, inaccessible language or unclear signals can exclude people.
- Failure to act. People may lack trust, transport, accessible shelters or enough time even after receiving the message.
Q2. Explain the four stages of cyclone warning used by IMD. [3 practice marks]
Answer
Definition. Cyclone warnings provide advance information on likely coastal effects, allowing authorities and communities to prepare, evacuate and protect essential services.
| Stage | Usual lead time in the lecture | What it supports |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-cyclone watch | About 72 hours before adverse weather | Initial readiness and review of plans. |
| Cyclone alert | About 48 hours before adverse weather | Mobilise resources, shelters and evacuation arrangements. |
| Cyclone warning | About 24 hours before adverse weather | Implement protective action based on the latest official advice. |
| Post-landfall outlook | About 12 hours before landfall | Prepare inland areas for expected track and adverse weather after landfall. |
The name post-landfall outlook describes the period forecast, not the time at which it is issued. Its 12-hour lead is before landfall. Forecasts can be updated as the storm develops. Cyclones can be forecast days ahead, with uncertainty; the claim that advance forecasts are impossible is incorrect.
Before impact
Follow official warnings; move from unsafe coastal areas to designated shelters when instructed. Arrange transport for people needing assistance, carry essential medicines and documents, secure loose objects, and prepare backup lighting and communication. Fishermen should follow official sea warnings.
During and after
Remain in a safe shelter away from glass, avoid travel and floodwater, and follow official instructions. A temporary calm may be the eye; it does not mean the storm is over. Wait for official clearance before returning; avoid damaged structures, lines and contaminated water.
Q3. Explain three ways in which urbanisation can increase flood risk. [3 practice marks]
Answer
- Impervious surfaces. Roofs and paving reduce infiltration and produce faster runoff.
- Lost storage and blocked flow. Wetland loss, encroachment and blocked drains reduce space and conveyance for water.
- Increased exposure. More people, utilities and buildings occupy locations that can flood.
Q4. Explain prevention, mitigation and preparedness with one example each. [3 practice marks]
Answer
| Term | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Prevention | Avoid a risk where possible. | Do not site a new school in a floodway. |
| Mitigation | Reduce possible losses. | Strengthen an existing building. |
| Preparedness | Build readiness to act. | Practise evacuation and ready shelters. |