Q1C · Elaborate in brief any 5 measures that can be adopted to avoid flooding of Rivers.

Answer

Swipe across the diagram to read its labels ↔

Diagram: Four complementary flood-risk measures. Labels: Four complementary flood-risk measures | Four complementary flood-risk measures | 1 · Storage | Wetlands and detention hold water and reduce | a peak. | 2 · Drainage | Maintain flow paths, culverts and outfalls. | 3 · Land-use control | Keep vulnerable development outside mapped | floodways. | 4 · Warning and evacuation | Move people on safe routes while access | remains usable. | floodway | safe site | people | shelter

1. Maintain the catchment and natural storage. Protect wetlands and floodplains and restore suitable vegetation. These measures slow runoff and store part of the floodwater, although they cannot eliminate extreme floods.
2. Manage channels and drainage. Remove blockages and maintain bridges, culverts and drains. Engineering surveys should guide selective desilting; indiscriminate excavation can damage banks and ecosystems.
3. Use storage and coordinated reservoir operation. Detention basins and reservoirs can hold water and release it more slowly. Forecasts, operating rules and downstream warnings are essential because storage and outlet capacity are finite.
4. Apply floodplain zoning and resilient construction. Keep new critical facilities outside high-risk zones. Where occupation is permitted, use suitable raised floors, protected utilities and evacuation access to reduce losses.
5. Combine protection with warning and preparedness. Appropriately designed embankments or levees protect selected areas, but can overtop or fail. Maintain them, issue actionable forecasts, mark escape routes and provide safe shelters for the remaining risk.